Economic assessment of natural conditions and resources. Natural conditions and resources of the Far East Table to assess the natural resources of the Far East

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INTRODUCTION………………………………………………………………….…...3

1. NATURAL RESOURCES AND THEIR CLASSIFICATION………......4

1.1 The concept of "natural resources"………………………………….…4

1.2 Economic classification of natural resources…………….7

2. ECONOMIC ASSESSMENT OF NATURAL RESOURCES AND ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION……………………..………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

2.1 Economic assessment of the natural resource potential of Russia……………………………………………………………………….15

2.2 Environmental protection by individual types of resources…………………………………………………………………..22

3. PROBLEMS AND FORECASTS FOR THE FURTHER DEVELOPMENT OF THE FAR EAST………………………………………………………..…36

CONCLUSION………………………………………………………………...41

LIST OF USED SOURCES………………………....42

INTRODUCTION

Nature is the habitat of man and the source of all the benefits he needs for life and production activities. Man is a part of nature, its product, he can produce only using its resources and live only in those natural conditions (temperature, pressure, humidity, composition of the atmosphere, etc.) to which he is genetically adapted.

For many years, trying to conquer nature and dominate it, a person unexpectedly found himself on the verge of an ecological disaster. "Greenhouse effect", "ozone hole", "acid rain", lack of clean water and food, raw materials and energy crises, pollution of the oceans - all these problems faced man, threatening death and requiring an immediate solution.

It is hardly possible to name a more important global problem today than the rational use of natural resources and environmental protection. Its solution is possible only on the basis of ecological knowledge.

Russia is a country richly endowed with a wide variety of natural resources. In terms of the reserves of many of them, Russia holds the first place in the world. Foreign travelers, scientists and diplomats have long admired the fabulous wealth of Russian mineral resources. The main wealth of Russia is its generous nature: endless forests, fields, seas. These are its regions, each of which plays its irreplaceable role in the life of the country, giving it some oil and gas, some machines and scientific discoveries.

This term paper is to disclose a solution to the global problem of rational use of the country's natural potential and the state of the environment, to give an economic assessment of natural resources.

The paper also considers the problems and forecasts of further development on the example Far East.

1 NATURAL RESOURCES AND THEIR CLASSIFICATION

The concept of "Pnatural resources"

"Natural resources" is one of the most frequently used concepts in the literature. In the Concise Geographical Encyclopedia, this term refers to “...elements of nature used in the national economy, which are the means of existence of human society: soil cover, useful wild plants, animals, minerals, water (for water supply, irrigation, industry, energy, transport ), favorable climatic conditions (mainly heat and moisture), wind energy” .

More general is the definition given by A. A. Mints: “natural resources ... of the body and forces of nature, which at a given level of development of productive forces and knowledge can be used to meet the needs of human society in the form of direct participation in material activity” .

Natural resources - space-time category; their volume is different in different areas the globe and at various stages of social economic development society. Bodies and phenomena of nature act as a certain resource in the event that a need arises for them. But the needs, in turn, appear and expand as the technical possibilities for the development of natural resources develop.

The territorial expansion of the sphere of economic activity of human society and the involvement in material production of new types of natural resources caused various changes in nature, a kind of response in the form of various natural and anthropogenic processes. In pre-capitalist social formations, these processes of change were not widespread and concentrated in certain regions - the centers of world civilization (the Mediterranean, Mesopotamia and the Middle East, South and Southeast Asia). And although at all times the development of natural resources by man was purely consumer, and sometimes openly predatory, it rarely led to serious large-scale environmental disasters. The intensity of the development of natural resources and the volume of natural resources involved in economic activity began to increase sharply in the era of the emergence and development of the capitalist social order. The use of machine technology was accompanied by a significant increase in the volume of extracted raw materials (wood, minerals, agricultural products, etc.). At the same time, new types of natural resources were being developed. Lands that were previously considered unsuitable for plowing (waterlogged, saline or suffering from moisture deficiency) are being reclaimed, new types of minerals (oil, natural gas, uranium, rare metals, etc.) are being developed. Natural resources in the process of development are subjected to deeper and more complex processing (production of petroleum products, synthetic materials, etc.). However, the method of production based on expanded material reproduction, on obtaining the maximum momentary profit, does not take into account the peculiarities of the formation of natural resources, the volume of their natural renewal, and uses, first of all, the highest quality and conveniently located reserves.

In the second half of the XX century. resource consumption has increased immeasurably, covering almost the entire land and all currently known natural bodies and components. Scientific and technological progress has directly affected the practice of resource use. Technologies have been developed for the development of such types of natural resources, which until recently were not included in the concept of "natural resources" (for example, desalination of salt sea waters on an industrial scale, the development of solar or tidal wave energy, the production of nuclear energy, the extraction of oil and gas in water areas, and much more). There was an idea of potential resources or resources of the future.

Of great importance in the development of natural resources are economic forces, determining the profitability of their economic use. So, until now, oil, ferromanganese nodules, which occur at great depths of the ocean floor, are not considered as real, accessible resources, since their extraction turns out to be too expensive and not economically justified.

Not all natural resources "lie on the surface" and can be easily calculated and taken into account. Thus, the volumes of groundwater, many types of minerals, raw materials for various chemical industries are determined and refined as a result of complex, often expensive scientific or technical research. As the scientific and technological progress our knowledge and understanding of them become more accurate. In a number of cases, the technology for extracting or processing natural raw materials is already known, but only at the stage of experimental rather than industrial development. This is the case with the extraction of oil from tar sands and shale, with large-scale desalination of salty sea waters. The resulting raw materials are too expensive and uncompetitive, so it is impossible to build economic calculations based on their use.

Often the need for a natural resource is completely blocked technological impossibility of their development, for example, energy production based on controlled thermonuclear fusion, regulation of climatic processes or phenomena, etc. resource reserves to allocate several of their categories according to the degree of technical and economic accessibility and knowledge.

1. Available, or proven, or real reserves are the volumes of a natural resource identified modern methods exploration or survey that is technically accessible and economically viable for development.

2. Potential, or general, resources (English - potential resources) are resources established on the basis of theoretical calculations, reconnaissance surveys and including, in addition to precisely established technically recoverable reserves of natural raw materials or reserves, also that part of them that is currently being developed impossible for technical or economic reasons (for example, deposits of brown coal at great depths or fresh water preserved in glaciers or deep layers earth's crust). Potential resources are called resources of the future, since their economic development will become possible only in the conditions of a qualitatively new scientific and technological development of society.

Economic classification of natural resources

Due to the dual nature of the concept of "natural resources", reflecting their natural origin, on the one hand, and economic, economic significance, on the other hand, several classifications have been developed and are widely used in special and geographical literature.

I. Classification of natural resources by origin. Natural resources (bodies or natural phenomena) arise in natural environments (water, atmosphere, vegetation or soil cover, etc.) and form certain combinations in space that change within the boundaries of natural territorial complexes. On this basis, they are divided into two groups: resources of natural components and resources of natural-territorial complexes.

1. Resources of natural components. Each type of natural resource is usually formed in one of the components of the landscape envelope. It is controlled by the same natural factors that create this natural component and influence its features and territorial distribution. By belonging to the components of the landscape shell, resources are distinguished: 1) mineral, 2) climatic, 3) water, 4) vegetable, 5) land, 6) soil, 7) wildlife. This classification is widely used in domestic and foreign literature.

When using the above classification, the main attention is paid to the regularities of the spatial and temporal formation of certain types of resources, their quantitative and qualitative characteristics, the features of their regime, and the volumes of natural replenishment of reserves. A scientific understanding of the whole complex of natural processes involved in the creation and accumulation of a natural resource makes it possible to more correctly calculate the role and place of one or another group of resources in the process of social production, the economic system, and most importantly, it makes it possible to identify the maximum volumes of withdrawal of a resource from natural environment, preventing its depletion or deterioration in quality. For example, an accurate understanding of the volume of annual wood growth in the forests of a certain area allows you to calculate the allowable felling rates. With strict control over compliance with these norms, depletion of forest resources does not occur.

2. Resources of natural-territorial complexes. At this subdivision level, the complexity of the natural resource potential of the territory, which follows from the corresponding complex structure of the landscape shell itself, is taken into account. Each landscape (or natural-territorial complex) has a certain set of diverse types of natural resources. Depending on the properties of the landscape, its place in overall structure landscape shell, combinations of types of resources, their quantitative and qualitative characteristics change very significantly, determining the possibilities for the development and organization of material production. Often there are such conditions when one or several resources determine the direction of economic development of the whole region. Almost any landscape has climatic, water, land, soil and other resources, but the possibilities of economic use are very different. In one case, favorable conditions may develop for the extraction of mineral raw materials, in others - for the cultivation of valuable cultivated plants or for the organization of industrial production, a resort complex, etc. On this basis, natural resource territorial complexes are distinguished according to the most preferred (or preferred) type of economic development. They are divided into: 1) mining, 2) agricultural, 3) water management, 4) forestry, 5) residential, 6) recreational and etc..

The use of only one classification of resource types by their origin (or “natural classification”, as defined by A.A. Mints) is not enough, since it does not reflect the economic significance of resources and their economic role. Among the systems of classification of natural resources, reflecting their economic significance and role in the system of social production, classification according to the direction and forms of economic use of resources is more often used.

II. Classification by types of economic use. The main criterion for the division of resources in this classification is their assignment to various sectors of material production. On this basis natural resources are divided into industrial and seagricultural productiona.

1. Resources of industrial production. This class includes all types of natural raw materials used by industry. Due to the very large branching of industrial production, the presence of numerous industries that consume different types natural resources and, accordingly, put forward various requirements for them. Types of natural resources are differentiated as follows:

1) energy, which include various types of resources used at the present stage of development of science and technology for energy production: a) combustible minerals (oil, coal, gas, uranium, bituminous shale, etc.); b) hydropower resources - energy of freely falling river waters, tidal wave energy of sea waters, etc.; c) sources of bioconversion energy - the use of fuel wood, the production of biogas from agricultural waste; d) nuclear raw materials used to produce atomic energy;

2) non-energy including a subgroup of natural resources that supply raw materials for various industries or are involved in the production of technological necessity: a) minerals that do not belong to the group of caustobioliths; b) water used for industrial water supply; c) land occupied by industrial facilities and infrastructure facilities; d) forest resources supplying raw materials for wood chemistry and the construction industry; e) fish resources are referred to this subgroup conditionally, since at present the fishing and processing of the catch have acquired an industrial character (A. A. Mints, 1972).

2. Resources of agricultural production. They combine the types of resources involved in the creation of agricultural products: a) agro-climatic - heat and moisture resources necessary for the production of cultivated plants or grazing; b) soil and land resources - land and its top layer - soil, which has a unique property to produce biomass, are considered both as a natural resource and as a means of production in crop production; c) plant food resources - resources of biocenoses that serve as a food base for grazing livestock; d) water resources - water used in crop production for irrigation, and in animal husbandry - for watering and livestock.

Quite often, natural resources of the non-productive sphere or direct consumption are also allocated. These are, first of all, resources withdrawn from the natural environment (wild animals that are an object of commercial hunting, wild medicinal plants), as well as recreational resources, resources of protected areas and a number of others.

Sh. Classification on the basis of exhaustibility. When taking into account the reserves of natural resources and the volumes of their possible economic withdrawal, they use the concept of the depletion of reserves. A. Mints proposed to call the classification according to this criterion ecological. All natural resources are depleted into two groupspy: exhaustible and inexhaustible .

1. Exhaustible resources. They are formed in the earth's crust or landscape sphere, but the volumes and rates of their formation are measured on the geological time scale. At the same time, the need for such resources on the part of production or for the organization of favorable living conditions for human society significantly exceeds the volumes and rates of natural replenishment. As a result, depletion of natural resource reserves inevitably occurs. The exhaustible group includes resources with different rates and volumes of formation. This allows them to be further differentiated. Based on the intensity and speed of natural formation, resources are divided into subgroups:

1. non-renewable, which include: a) all types mineral resources or minerals. As is known, they are constantly formed in the bowels of the earth's crust as a result of a continuously ongoing process of ore formation, but the scale of their accumulation is so insignificant, and the formation rates are measured in many tens and hundreds of millions of years (for example, the age of coal is more than 350 million years), which is practically they cannot be taken into account in economic calculations. The development of mineral raw materials takes place on a historical time scale and is characterized by ever-increasing volumes of withdrawal. In this regard, all mineral resources are considered as not only exhaustible, but also non-renewable. b) Land resources in their natural form - this is the material basis on which the vital activity of human society takes place. The morphological structure of the surface (i.e., relief) significantly affects economic activity and the possibility of developing the territory. Once disturbed lands (for example, by quarries) during large-scale industrial or civil construction, they are no longer restored in their natural form.

2. renewable resources, to which they belong: a) vegetable and b) animal world. Both of them are restored quite quickly, and the volumes of natural renewal are well and accurately calculated. Therefore, when organizing the economic use of accumulated timber reserves in forests, herbage in meadows or pastures, and hunting for wild animals within the limits not exceeding the annual renewal, it is possible to completely avoid the depletion of resources.

3. Relatively (not completely) renewable. Although some resources are restored in historical periods of time, their renewable volumes are much less than the volumes of economic consumption. That is why these types of resources are very vulnerable and require particularly careful human control. Relatively renewable resources also include very scarce natural resources: a) productive arable soils; b) forests with mature stands; in) water resources in the regional aspect. Productive arable soils relatively few (according to various estimates, their area does not exceed 1.5-2.5 billion hectares). The most productive soils belonging to the first class of fertility occupy, according to FAO estimates, only 400 million hectares. Productive soils are formed extremely slowly - it takes more than 100 years to form a 1 mm layer, for example, of chernozem soils. At the same time, the processes of accelerated erosion, stimulated by irrational land use, can destroy several centimeters of the upper, most valuable arable layer in one year. Anthropogenic destruction of soils has been so intense in recent decades that it gives grounds to classify soil resources as “relatively renewable”.

The fact of the practical inexhaustibility of water resources on a planetary scale is well known. However, fresh water reserves are unevenly concentrated on the surface of the land, and there is a shortage of water suitable for use in water management systems over vast areas. Arid and subarid areas are particularly affected by water shortages, where irrational water consumption (for example, water withdrawal in excess of the amount of natural replenishment of free water) is accompanied by a rapid and often catastrophic depletion of water resources. Therefore, it is necessary to accurately record the amount of allowable withdrawal of water resources by region. P. Inexhaustible resources. Among the bodies and natural phenomena of resource value, there are those that are practically inexhaustible. These include climatic and water resources.

BUT)climate resources. The most stringent requirements for climate are presented by agriculture, recreational and forestry, industrial and civil construction, etc. Usually, climate resources are understood as the reserves of heat and moisture that a particular area or region has. The total heat reserves supplied per year per 1 sq.m. surface of the planet are equal to 3.16 x 10 J (average radiation budget for the planet). Geographically and seasonally, heat is distributed unevenly, although the average air temperature for the Earth is about + 15°C. The land as a whole is well provided with atmospheric moisture: an average of about 119 thousand cubic meters falls annually on its surface. km of precipitation. But they are distributed even more unevenly than heat, both in space and time. On land, areas are known that receive more than 12,000 mm of precipitation annually, to vast areas where less than 50-100 mm falls per year. On a long-term average, both the heat reserves and the volumes of falling atmospheric moisture are quite constant, although significant fluctuations in the provision of heat and moisture to the territory can be observed from year to year. Since these resources are formed in certain links of the thermal and water cycles, constantly operating over the planet as a whole and over its individual regions, the reserves of heat and moisture can be considered as inexhaustible within certain quantitative limits, precisely established for each region.

B)Water resources of the planet . The earth has a colossal volume of water - about 1.5 billion cubic meters. km. However, 98% of this volume is made up of salty waters of the World Ocean, and only 28 million cubic meters. km - fresh water. Since technologies for desalination of salty sea waters are already known, the waters of the World Ocean and salt lakes can be considered as potential water resources, the use of which is quite possible in the future. Annually renewable fresh water reserves are not so large, according to various estimates, they range from 41 to 45 thousand cubic meters km (resources of total river flow). The world economy consumes for its needs about 4-4.5 thousand cubic meters. km, which is equal to approximately 10% of the total water supply, and, therefore, subject to the principles of rational water use, these resources can be considered as inexhaustible. However, if these principles are violated, the situation can sharply worsen, and even on a planetary scale, there may be a shortage of clean fresh water. In the meantime, the natural environment annually "gives" humanity 10 times more water than it needs to meet a wide variety of needs.

Therefore, natural resources - these are the bodies and forces of nature that are used by man to maintain his existence. These include sunlight, water, air, soil, plants, animals, minerals and everything else that is not created by man, but without which he cannot exist in any way. creature, nor as a manufacturer. Natural resources are classified according to the following features: according to their use - into production (agricultural and industrial), health (recreational), aesthetic, scientific, etc.; by belonging to one or another component of nature - into land, water, mineral, animal and plant world, etc.; by substitutability - for interchangeable (for example, fuel and mineral energetic resources can be replaced by wind, solar energy) and irreplaceable (air oxygen for breathing or fresh water there is nothing to replace for drinking); by exhaustibility - into exhaustible and inexhaustible.

2 . ECONOMIC VALUATION OF NATURAL RESOURCES AND ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION

2.1 Economic assessment of the natural resource potential of Russia

Economic (or, in a broader sense, economic) assessment of natural conditions and natural resources is one of the concepts that have long been prominent in the problems of modern economic geography. Consideration of this issue led to the conclusion about the relevance of a more in-depth theoretical and methodological development this problem. In this regard, the question arose about the possibility of determining the very content of the concept of economic evaluation, clarifying the essence of the processes of reality reflected by it, and establishing criteria. The very fact of naturally conditioned differentiation geographical envelope, in terms of value, is neutral and cannot receive any assessment, regardless of the criterion used. When evaluating, it is necessary to apply the criterion of value, determined by the nature of the relationship between its subject and object. Economic evaluation of natural resources implies the application of economic criteria, i.e. comparison of the properties of natural factors with the requirements arising from the practical, economic activity of man.

As content The economic assessment of natural resources considers the consideration of the influence of natural territorial differences in the natural properties of these resources and their sources on the productivity of social labor. The uneven spatial distribution of resources also makes it necessary to take into account differences in the volume (reserves, areas, etc.) of the resources of the objects being assessed.

criterion evaluation is proposed to consider the comparative economic efficiency of the use of a given source of resources or their territorial combination. Differences in efficiency are expressed in differentiated total costs of living and materialized labor. It is clear that the value of one or another type of natural resources is determined by the economic effect achieved by its use. The magnitude of this effect, as well as the magnitude of the necessary costs for most types of resources, is territorially differentiated; it reflects the territorial structure of production that has developed at each stage with a specific picture of the relationship between the need for resources and the possibility of satisfying them.

Economic evaluation of mineral resources

Mineral resources, which include a very wide (and constantly expanding) range of natural substances of mineral origin used to obtain energy and materials by extraction and subsequent processing, are among the most important types of natural wealth.

United object mineral resources usually serve as mineral deposits. Deposits theoretically include such areas of the earth's crust in which "as a result of certain geological processes, an accumulation of mineral matter occurred, which, in terms of quantity, quality and conditions of occurrence, is suitable for industrial use" .

The economic (industrial) value of each deposit is determined by an extremely wide range of factors, which, however, in most geological and geological-economic works are reduced to the following groups or estimated parameters:

1. The scale of the deposit, determined by its total reserves;

2. The quality of the mineral (material composition and technological properties);

3. The productivity of the main deposits, characterizing the degree of concentration of mineral reserves in them;

4. Mining and technical conditions for the exploitation of the deposit;

5. Economics of the deposit area.

In addition, it is proposed to take into account the scarcity of this type of resources and its national economic importance. According to the national economic significance, mineral reserves are divided into two groups, subject to separate calculation, approval and accounting: balance sheet reserves, the use of which is economically feasible and which must meet the conditions established for the calculation of reserves in the subsoil; off-balance sheet reserves, the use of which is currently not advisable for technical and economic reasons, but which in the future may become an object of industrial development. The conditions on the basis of which the subdivision into these groups is carried out are established by state bodies for each deposit on the basis of technical and economic calculations, based on the operating conditions of the deposit, the amount of reserves, value and processing technologies. Conditions reflect the requirements of the industry, justified by technical and economic calculations. The assignment of mineral reserves to balance reflects, along with purely technological considerations, the requirements for the economic efficiency of using a deposit and, therefore, is essentially a stage in the economic assessment of resources.

Economic evaluation of forest resources

Forest resources are one of the types of biological resources. Timber resources are of great vital importance: powerful industries and a significant part of the working population are associated with their use.

An important feature of forest resources is the possibility of multi-purpose use.

From the point of view of assessment methods, an important property of forests (as well as agricultural resources) is their areal distribution. Associated with this are some methodological features assessment of forest resources. First, the assessment can be carried out at various territorial scales - from small areas within forest blocks to large areas. Secondly, it is possible to develop two series of estimates in parallel - for natural and economic units. In the first case, the objects of assessment are technologically homogeneous forest areas with a similar biocenotic structure. In the second case, units of economic forest management are considered - the territories of forest industry enterprises (or forestry enterprises), timber bases, forest economic regions, forest resources of economic regions, etc.

The main elements of a forest resource assessment should be considered as follows:

1. Volume - the total forest area of the assessed object, the total stock of timber;

2. Natural properties - concentration of reserves (reserve per unit area), quality and structure of forest stands (composition by species, quality class, age classes);

3. Natural and economic conditions for development.

These elements are related to timber industry use, i.e. to deforestation for wood raw materials, since this type of use is of the greatest economic importance.

Forests, unlike minerals, occupy a certain area of the earth's surface and are available for direct observation, they can be taken into account with exhaustive completeness. In the practice of domestic forestry, a set of interrelated measures is carried out to inventory forests, study the natural and economic conditions of forestry in certain areas, identify the technical value of forests, their characteristics and requirements from the point of view of forestry, design a rational regime for the use and reproduction of forest resources.

Economic evaluation of agricultural (land) resources

Agricultural resources, which include a complex set of components of the natural landscape, are specific combinations of soils, topography, climate (vegetation for natural fodder lands) used for growing crops. They belong to the most important ubiquitous natural resources. Agricultural resources, like forest resources, belong to renewable used under certain conditions continuously. In contrast to mineral raw materials or forest land resources, with the most economically important form of their use - agriculture - they become a means of production. In this case, it is not the resources themselves that are withdrawn from nature, but only the plant products obtained with their help.

When using agricultural resources, the most pronounced the interconnectedness of the impact of all natural components. Since the main property of land used in agricultural production is its fertility, the identification of regular geographical differences in naturally determined levels of productivity is central.

It is extremely important from the point of view of the methodology of economic assessment that the property of land (in a broader sense, territory) is versatility its use. It is a universal subject, a means of labor, a necessary condition for any kind of material production.

The other side of land productivity - its close connection with the methods of agriculture. In fact, the ecological fertility of the earth is always observed, in which elements dependent on nature and created by human labor are intertwined. The productivity of agricultural resources can only be assessed relatively, in accordance with the given level of development of technology in agriculture. From the point of view of the tasks of economic evaluation, another aspect of the problem of the relationship between the characteristics of resources and the technology used is no less important. We are talking about the fact that certain properties of agricultural resources correspond to a qualitatively specific technical system for their use, which consists of a complex of agricultural practices.

What is essential is that behind each specific, i.e. The most fully taking into account the natural properties of this type of land, the agro-technical complex are certain economic indicators, expressed in the amount of capital and current costs per unit of land area.

Economic evaluation of water resources

Water resources are of exceptional economic importance. They are considered inexhaustible, but in their placement they are directly and indirectly affected by other components. natural complex, as a result, they are characterized by great variability and uneven distribution.

The peculiarity of natural resources is determined mainly by the continuous mobility of the water involved in the cycle. In accordance with their place in this cycle, waters on Earth appear in various forms that have unequal value in terms of meeting human needs, i.e. as resources.

Water resources are characterized by a strong mode variability in time, ranging from daily to secular fluctuations in the water abundance of each source. The complex interaction of many factors gives runoff fluctuations the character of a random process. Therefore, calculations related to water resources inevitably take on a probabilistic, statistical character.

Water resources differ greatly complexity of territorial forms. Many features of water resources stem from unique ways of using them. With rare exceptions, water is not used directly to create any materials with transformation into another substance and irretrievable withdrawal from the natural cycle, as is the case with mineral resources or forest resources. On the contrary, in the course of use, water resources either remain in natural runoff channels (water transport, hydropower, fisheries, etc.) or return to the water cycle (irrigation, all types of household and domestic water supply). Therefore, in principle, the use of water resources does not lead to their depletion.

However, in practice the situation is more complicated. The use of water for dissolving and transporting useful substances or wastes, cooling of heat generating units or as a heat carrier leads to qualitative changes (pollution, heating) of waste waters and (when they are discharged) the water supply sources themselves. When water is used for irrigation, it only partially (and often in an altered qualitative state) returns to local runoff channels, mainly as a result of evaporation from the soil it escapes into the atmosphere, being included in the terrestrial phase of the cycle in other, usually very remote, areas.

With the inexhaustibility of water resources and the peculiarities of their use, their specific place in the system of economic relations. Until recently, the relative abundance of water, and the possibility in most cases of satisfying all needs for it, excluded water, like air, from the system of economic relations. The exception was arid regions, where the shortage of water and the need for large material and labor costs for the organization of water supply have long made water an object of complex economic and legal relations.

Due to the rapid growth of water consumption, as water scarcity arose in an increasing number of areas, the situation began to change. There was a need for a mechanism for regulating the use of limited water resources and their distribution among consumers - economic or administrative.

2.2 Environmental protection for certain types of resources.

Protection of atmospheric air from harmful emissions from enterprises and transport

The main anthropogenic sources of air pollution include enterprises of the fuel and energy complex, transport, and various machine-building enterprises. That is, the industrial revolution and urbanization have led to a significant increase in air pollution. The chemical industry developed, in connection with which unknown substances began to be emitted into the atmosphere.

Of great importance is daily control over motor vehicles. All fleets are required to monitor the serviceability of vehicles produced on the line. With a well-working engine, carbon monoxide exhaust gases should contain no more than the permissible norm.

Urban transport management systems. New traffic control systems have been developed that minimize the possibility of traffic jams, because when stopping and then picking up speed, the car emits several times more harmful substances than when driving uniformly. The streets between the carriageway and residential buildings are expanding.

Highways were built to bypass cities. So, in Saratov, a motorway was built to bypass the city. The road accepted the entire flow of transit traffic, which used to be an endless tape along the city streets. The intensity of traffic has sharply decreased, the noise has decreased, the air has become cleaner.

Improvement of internal combustion engines.

Improving the process of fuel combustion in an internal combustion engine, the use of an electronic ignition system leads to a decrease in the exhaust of harmful substances.

Designed to save fuel different types ignition. Engineers of the Yugoslav association "Electronic Industry" have created an electronic system with a service life of 30 thousand hours. Among other things, it regulates fuel consumption. And one of the British firms used a plasma version, which provides easy ignition of a poor combustible mixture. A car equipped with such a system consumes only 2 liters per 100 kilometers.

Neutralizers. Much attention is paid to the development of a device for reducing toxicity - neutralizers, which can be equipped with modern cars.

The method of catalytic conversion of combustion products is that the exhaust gases are cleaned by coming into contact with the catalyst. At the same time, afterburning of the products of incomplete combustion contained in the exhaust of cars takes place.

The catalyst is either granules with a size of 2 to 5 mm, on the surface of which an active layer is deposited with additives of noble metals - platinum, palladium, etc., or a honeycomb-type ceramic block with a similar active surface. The design of the neutralizer is very simple. The reactor chamber is enclosed in a metal shell with branch pipes for supplying and discharging gas, which is filled with granules or a ceramic block. The converter is attached to the exhaust pipe, and the gases that have passed through it are released into the atmosphere purified. At the same time, the device can act as a noise suppressor.

Gas instead of petrol. High-octane, compositionally stable gas fuel mixes well with air and is evenly distributed over the engine cylinders, contributing to a more complete combustion of the working mixture. The total emission of toxic substances from cars running on liquefied gas is much less than cars with gasoline engines. So, the ZIL-130 truck, converted to gas, has a toxicity indicator almost 4 times less than its gasoline counterpart.

Electric car. At present, when a car with a gasoline engine has become one of the significant factors leading to environmental pollution, experts are increasingly turning to the idea of creating a "clean" car. We are usually talking about an electric car. In some countries, their mass production begins.

Enterprises of the metallurgical, chemical, cement and other industries emit dust, sulfur dioxide and other harmful gases into the atmosphere, which are released during various technological production processes.

The ferrous metallurgy of smelting iron and processing it into steel is accompanied by the emission of various gases into the atmosphere.

Air pollution by dust during coal coking is associated with the preparation of the charge and its loading into coke ovens, with the unloading of coke into quenching cars and with wet quenching of coke. Wet quenching is also accompanied by the release into the atmosphere of substances that are part of the water used.

Per last years many advanced technological processes, thousands of gas-cleaning and dust-collecting devices and installations have been put into operation at enterprises in various industries, which drastically reduce or eliminate emissions of harmful substances into the atmosphere. On a large scale, a program is being implemented to transfer enterprises and co-owners to natural gas. Dozens of enterprises and workshops with dangerous sources of air pollution have been withdrawn from cities. All this has led to the fact that in most industrial centers and settlements of the country the level of pollution has noticeably decreased. The number of industrial enterprises equipped with the latest and most expensive gas cleaning equipment is also growing.

Of great importance for the sanitary protection of the atmospheric air are the identification of new sources of air pollution, accounting of designed, under construction and reconstructed facilities that pollute the atmosphere, control over the development and implementation of master plans for cities, towns and industrial centers related to the location of industrial enterprises and sanitary -protective zones.

Purification of emissions into the atmosphere. Gas cleaning technology has a variety of methods and devices for removing dust and harmful gases. The choice of a method for cleaning gaseous impurities is determined primarily by the chemical and physicochemical properties of this impurity. The nature of production has a great influence on the choice of the method: the properties of the substances available in the production, their suitability as absorbers for gas, the possibility of recovery (capture and use of waste products) or disposal of captured products.

To purify gases from sulfur dioxide, hydrogen sulfide and methyl mercaptan, their neutralization with an alkali solution is used. The result is salt and water.

To purify gases from minor concentrations of impurities (no more than 1% by volume), direct-flow compact absorption apparatuses are used.

Along with liquid absorbents - absorbents - for purification, as well as for drying (dehydration) of gases, solid absorbents can be used. These include various grades of active carbons, silica gel, aluminum gel, zeolites.

Recently, ion exchangers have been used to remove gases with polar molecules from a gas stream. The processes of cleaning gases with adsorbents are carried out in adsorbers of periodic or continuous action.

Dry and wet oxidation processes, as well as catalytic conversion processes, can be used to purify the gas stream, in particular, catalytic oxidation is used to neutralize sulfur-containing gases of sulphate-cellulose production (gases from the cooking and evaporating shops, etc.). This process is carried out at a temperature of 500--600 ° C on a catalyst, which includes oxides of aluminum, copper, vanadium and other metals. Organosulfur substances and hydrogen sulfide are oxidized to a less harmful compound - sulfur dioxide (MPC for sulfur dioxide 0.5 mg / m3, and for hydrogen sulfide 0.078 mg / m3).

Protection of water resources of the country and our region

Water is the basis of life on Earth and its homeland. Unfortunately, the abundance of water is only apparent, in reality the hydrosphere is the thinnest shell of the Earth, because water in all its states and in all spheres accounts for less than 0.001 of the mass of the planet. Nature is arranged in such a way that water is constantly renewed in a single hydrological cycle, and the protection of water resources should be carried out in the very process of using water by influencing individual links in the water cycle. The demand for water is increasing from year to year. The main consumers of water are industry and agriculture. The industrial value of water is very high, since almost all production processes require a large amount of it. The bulk of water in industry is used for energy and cooling. For these purposes, water quality is not of great importance, therefore, the basis for reducing the water intensity of industrial production is the circulation and reuse of water, in which once taken from the source water is used repeatedly, thereby “increasing” the reserves of water resources and reducing their pollution. The largest "water consumers" among industrial sectors are ferrous metallurgy, chemistry, petrochemistry and thermal power engineering.

The transition from direct-flow to recycled water supply makes it possible to reduce water consumption at thermal power plants by 30-40 times, at some chemical and oil refineries - by 20-30 times, and at the production of ferroalloys - by 10 times. Most of the "industrial" water is used to cool the heating units. Replacing water cooling with air cooling in chemical and petrochemical industries, mechanical engineering and metalworking, at thermal power plants and in the woodworking industry would reduce water consumption here by 70-80%. There are also great opportunities for reducing wasteful water consumption in housing and communal services.

Industrial wastewater is diverse in its composition. The contaminants present in them can be in various states of aggregation. To select wastewater treatment methods and equipment, impurities contained in water are divided into four groups.

Group 1 - coarse impurities - particles of soil, sand, clay, emulsions that enter water bodies from industrial enterprises, as well as as a result of soil washout. On the surface of such particles may be pathogenic microorganisms, viruses, radioactive substances.

To remove impurities of this group, physicochemical processes are used, which make it possible to coarsen particles with the help of special substances, followed by their sedimentation, to carry out the process of adhesion - the adhesion of impurities to the surface of inert materials, and also to use the flotation method, that is, to remove impurities into a foam that is specially created in sewage treatment plants.

Group 2 - colloidal impurities that are in water in the form of finely dispersed formations (sols or high molecular weight compounds). Substances of this group change the color of water. To remove these impurities, coagulants are used - substances that cause sticking and coarsening of particles.

Group 3 - gases dissolved in water and organic compounds. Substances of this group give water de different smells, tastes, coloring. Most effective ways purification: aeration - purging water with air, the introduction of oxidizing agents, under the influence of which most of the impurities of this group are destroyed, and adsorption - the removal of impurities using activated carbon, which absorbs (sorbs) many impurities.

Group 4 - impurities of the ionic degree of dispersion. Salts, acids, bases decompose into ions when they enter water. Purification of impurities of this group is reduced to the binding of ions; Freezing and other methods can also be used.

This classification allows you to reasonably and purposefully choose and arrange treatment facilities, apply computers to solve complex problems of water treatment.

Wastewater is cleaned by mechanical, biological, disinfecting (disinfection) and physico-chemical methods.

Grids, sand traps, settling tanks, septic tanks are used for mechanical cleaning. The principle of removal of suspended solids is based on the difference in specific gravity of impurities and water. Sand traps are designed for sedimentation of sand, fine gravel and other mineral impurities. Sand traps facilitate further wastewater treatment from organic contaminants in sedimentation tanks, digesters and other facilities.

Sedimentation tanks are used to separate undissolved mechanical impurities and partially colloidal contaminants of mineral and organic origin from wastewater. Sedimentation tanks can be used for preliminary treatment of wastewater with subsequent biological treatment, as well as as independent facilities, if, according to sanitary conditions, it is sufficient to separate only mechanical impurities.

Recently, radial sedimentation tanks have become widespread, which are shallow tanks with a diameter of 18 to 54 meters.

Forest, water and biological resources of the Far East

There is a lot of wood raw material in the region. Lack of forest is observed only in Chukotka and in the Magadan region. If we transmit information in numbers, then the total volume of timber reserves is 326.4 million hectares. For reference, I will inform you that India has the same area! The most valuable are cedar-deciduous forests in the south.

Water reserves in the region are sufficient for farming. There are many lakes, but they are small. The situation with river networks is quite different. The major rivers are:

Amur.
Indigirka.
Anadyr.
Lena.
Kolyma.

Also, numerous seas along the contour of the mainland should be attributed to the water resources of the Far East.

Both forests and waters are sources of biological resources. Seas and rivers ensure the development of fisheries. Among the woody vegetation, polar bears and Amur tigers, musk deer and Amur gorals have found their homes.

Mineral raw materials of the Far East

There are four main minerals in this region. These are gold, boron, diamonds and tin. In confirmation of my words, I will indicate the share of the total volume of the mining industry of the state: gold - 50%, boron raw materials - 90%, diamonds - 98% and tin - 80%. There are also quite a lot of fuel and energy resources in the region under consideration. First of all, it is worth noting oil, which is actively produced in Sakhalin, in Yakutia, the Sea of Okhotsk and the Sea of Japan. Coal deposits are widespread. Most of them are concentrated in South Yakutia, Chukotka, Sakhalin, Kamchatka.

The Far East is located in the zone of collision of lithospheric plates, which is reflected in the relief and the abundance of non-ferrous metals. Maximum amount discovered deposits is equal to 659! Tungsten, uranium, mercury, zinc, lead, and titanium are mined here.

natural conditions Far East are characterized by sharp contrast, due to the huge extent of the territory from north to south. Most of the territory is occupied by mountains and highlands. The average height of the mountains is 1000-1500 m. The lowlands are located only in relatively small areas along the river valleys. Permafrost is widespread in a significant part of the region, which complicates the construction and development of agriculture. There are more than 20 active volcanoes and many geysers in Kamchatka. The largest of the volcanoes is Klyuchevskaya Sopka with a height of 4750 m.

The Far East has a rich and diverse mineral resource base. Explored in the region are deposits of diamonds, gold, tin, mercury and tungsten. There are huge fuel resources, a variety of ore raw materials and building materials. The region occupies a leading position in the country in terms of tin reserves, the main deposits of which are located in the Republic of Sakha (Deputatskoye) and in the Magadan region (Nevskoye, Iltinskoye). Primorsky Krai and Khabarovsk are rich in tin. Polymetals (lead, zinc, arsenic, silver, cadmium) are found in impurities with tin. A large deposit of polymetallic ores is Tetyukhe in the Primorsky Territory. Mercury deposits have been found in Chukotka, in the northeastern part of Yakutia, and in the Koryak Highlands (Kamchatka Oblast). Tungsten deposits are located in the Magadan region (Iultinsky tin-tungsten deposit) and in the Primorsky Territory (Armu-Imansky district).

The Far East also has raw materials for ferrous metallurgy. Iron ores are concentrated mainly in the south of the Khabarovsk Territory, in the Amur Region and the Republic of Sakha. The Malokhingan iron ore region is located on the territory of the Jewish Autonomous Region. The largest deposit in this region is Kimkanskoye. Manganese ores also occur here, mainly in the south of Lesser Khingan. In the south of the Republic of Sakha in the basin of the river. Aldan located South-Aldan iron ore region. The largest iron ore deposits in the region are Taezhnoye and Pionerskoe.

Not far from the South Aldan iron ore region there are large deposits of coking coal - the South Yakutsk (Aldan) coal-bearing area, which favors the creation of ferrous metallurgy in the Far East in the future.

The Far East is well provided with fuel and energy resources. The main coal reserves are concentrated in the Kivda-Raichikhinsky lignite region, Bureinsky, Svobodnensky, Suchansky, Suifunsky, Uglovsky regions, as well as the Lena and South Yakutsk basins. The Far East has oil and gas resources. In the Republic of Sakha, the Leno-Vilyui oil and gas province has been discovered, which has great prospects. The most significant gas fields are Ust-Vilyuiskoye, Nedzhelinskoye, Sredne-Vilyuiskoye, Badaranskoye and Sobo-Khainskoye. The largest oil and gas resources are on Sakhalin.

There are reserves of diamonds, especially in the Republic of Sakha, where the Mir, Aikhal, and Udachnaya kimberlite pipes have been explored. Mining is carried out in an open way. In the basins of the Vilyui and Aldan rivers, there are deposits of Icelandic spar and rock crystal. In Primorye (village Yaroslavsky) the largest deposit of fluorspar in Russia was discovered. The Far East occupies an important place in the country in terms of mica reserves - phlogopite. Its main deposits are Timptonskoe and Emeldzhanskoe. Of the chemical raw materials in the region, there are table salt and sulfur. Salt occurs in the Republic of Sakha (Olekminskoye, Kempendyaiskoye and Peleduiskoye deposits), and sulfur - in Kamchatka (Vetrovo-Yamskoye). Primorye and the Amur region are rich in cement raw materials. Graphite deposits have been discovered in the Jewish Autonomous Region.

The climate of the coastal strip of the southern part of the Far East is relatively warm and humid, monsoonal. As you move deeper into the mainland, it becomes sharply continental. Climatic conditions regions have a great impact on economic development.

The Far East has a fairly dense river network. The largest rivers are Lena and Amur with many tributaries. It should also be noted the rivers of the extreme north-eastern part of the region - Yana, Indigirka, Kolyma. Rivers are used as transport routes. In addition, they are exceptionally rich in hydropower resources. Vilyuyskaya, Zeyskaya and Bureyskaya HPPs were built.

In the southern part of the region, typical cultures of the Pacific regions of Asia - soybeans and rice - are widespread. In the north, vast areas are occupied by tundra and forest-tundra. The trees are intertwined with lianas, which makes the Ussuri taiga look like subtropical forests. The Far East exports timber and products of its processing to the countries of the Pacific and Indian Ocean basins. The forests are rich in valuable fur-bearing animals (ermine, sable, fox, squirrel, Siberian weasel), which are of commercial importance.

The vast territory of the Far East region can be divided into three zones according to the level of economic development: southern, middle and northern.

The southern zone of intensive development includes the Primorsky Territory, the southern parts of the Khabarovsk Territory, the Amur and Sakhalin Regions. It is the most developed economic terms part of the Far East. The basis of the economy of the southern zone is formed by the sea, timber and mining complexes. At present time runs development along the path of combining leading industries with service industries and agriculture.

The middle zone includes the northern regions of the Khabarovsk Territory, the Amur and Sakhalin regions, and the southern part of the Republic of Sakha. This zone is characterized by relatively high rates of development. The main specialization is the extractive industry, and the service industries are poorly developed. Its economic axis is the Baikal-Amur Mainline, which has made major changes to the territorial structure of the economy of this zone: the formation of an industrial zone of the region is underway. The main tasks of the economic development of the zone, in addition to the construction of a second exit to the Far East, are the development of new mineral deposits, and the creation of a potential in the BAM region for the development of the northern part of the region. The formation of the South Yakutsk and Komsomolsk TPK is connected with the economic development of the Baikal-Amur Mainline zone.

Magnetite quartzites have been explored in the basins of the Olekma and Chara rivers. This makes it possible in the future to create a large base for ferrous metallurgy in the Far East.

Significant deposits of apatite, large deposits of mica, corundum, shale and other minerals have been discovered in the zone of the South Yakutsk mineral complex.

Yakut coals have access to the BAM and to the Siberian Railway Railway BAM - Tynda and its continuation to Berkakit. High-quality coking coal from the South Yakutsk Basin will be supplied in significant volumes to the southern regions of the Far East to metallurgical plants and exported to Japan. For their export to Japan, the first stage of a new large port, Vostochny, was built in Wrangel Bay.

In the future, in addition to coal, it is planned to involve the exploitation of the region's iron ore resources in order to create a raw material base here for the full cycle ferrous metallurgy in the future. Agriculture has a focal character.

In the northern zone of the Far East, focal development is typical not only for agriculture, but also for industry. The extractive industries are more intensively developed based on the selective use of minerals. In the northern zone, several industrial centers can be distinguished, which, from small points with the mining industry, are turning into territorial production units of the forest, food industry, machine repair, fishing and hunting.

The seas (the Bering Sea, the Sea of Okhotsk and the Sea of Japan) play an exceptionally large and diverse role in the economy of the Far East. There are routes along the Sea of Japan that connect Russia with Japan, the DPRK, the Republic of Korea, China, and the USA. Herring, flounder, cod, salmon, mackerel and a number of other valuable commercial species are caught here. In the Sea of Japan, crabs, trepangs, seaweed and seaweed are also harvested. The Sea of Okhotsk occupies one of the first places among the seas washing the coast of Russia in terms of fish stocks. Salmon and herring make up the bulk of the total fish catch. Crabs are caught in large quantities off the western coast of Kamchatka, seal and whale hunting is developed in the Sea of Okhotsk, seals whose fishery is regulated by an international convention. The Bering Sea is gaining more and more economic importance every year due to the growth of traffic along the Northern Sea Route. Valuable species of fish (coho salmon, chinook salmon, chum salmon, pink salmon) are mined here. Off the coast of Kamchatka, whaling is developed. The Far East region accounts for 60% of the fish catch in Russia.

An analysis of the territorial structure of the Far East region showed that the scale and structure of the region's industry are characterized by large differences and indicate the uneven distribution of industry. Great changes in the territorial structure of the region were made by the construction of the Baikal-Amur Mainline and the creation of new territorial production complexes.

The Far East has fairly developed interregional and international economic ties. Its role is especially great in foreign trade relations with the countries of the Pacific basin. Dozens of countries carry out trade operations through the territory of the region, and its export functions are of exceptional importance. More than half of the goods imported into the regions from foreign countries are in transit in a western direction.

The development of foreign trade relations entails the improvement of the transport system of the region, the economic performance, the improvement of the structure of freight turnover and inter-regional transport links.

If until recently the import of goods to the Far East was four times higher than their export, now the structure is changing. Freight turnover is growing at a very high rate, with exports growing faster than imports. This indicates an increase in the efficiency of the economic complex of the region.

Why in the Far East big number iso-term has a closed character?

Closed isotherms are associated with mountain ranges, intermountain basins, which disrupt the gradual decrease in temperature from south to north.

How can one explain such sharp contrasts in the amount of precipitation in different parts of the Far East?

This is again due to the mountainous terrain. Mountain ranges stand in the way of moist sea air masses, which intercept the bulk of precipitation.

Why are the rivers of the northern runoff characterized by high water content with low rainfall?

Because these rivers, due to permafrost, have little groundwater flow, and because of the cold climate, evaporation is small.

The cost of transpiration (evaporation of water by a plant) in conifers, mosses and lichens is also small. Thus, almost all precipitation reaches the rivers and determines their high water content.

How does the monsoon climate affect the Amur regime? Describe the economic significance of this river.

The monsoon climate determines the diet of the Amur: stormy floods in summer (during them, the flow increases 4 times), often leading to floods. Amur is the main water artery of the south

Far East. Used for shipping, fishing. It is the border between Russia and China.

Show on the map the composition of the territory of the Far East, its mainland, island and peninsular parts, the main geographical features.

You need to remember the following geographic features:

seas: Laptev, East Siberian, Chukchi, Bering, Okhotsk, Japanese;
bays: Penzhina Bay, Peter the Great, Shelikhov, Anadyr;
straits: Long, Bering, Tatar, La Perouse, Kunashir;
islands: Novosibirsk, Wrangel, Komandorsky, Kuril, Sakhalin; peninsulas: Kamchatka, Chukotka; uplands: Zeya-Bureinskaya; lowlands: Yano-Indigirskaya, Kolymskaya, Sredneamurskaya, Central Yakutskaya;
mountains, ridges, highlands: Aldan highlands, Vitim plateau, Yano-Oymyakon highlands, Chukchi highlands, Sikhote-Alin, ridges - Chersky, Dzhugdzhur, volcanoes - Klyuchevskaya Sopka, Avachinskaya Sopka;
rivers: Vilyui, Aldan, Olenek, Lena, Yana, Indigirka, Kolyma, Amur, Zeya, Us-suri, Kamchatka, Anadyr;
lakes and reservoirs: Khanka, Vilyuiskoye, Zeya;
reserves: Ust-Lensky, Kronotsky, Wrangel Island, Far Eastern Marine, Kedrovaya Pad;
cities: Tiksi, Mirny, Yakutsk, Verkhoyansk, Anadyr, Magadan, Blagoveshchensk, Komsomolsk-on-Amur, Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky, Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk, Vladivostok, Khabarovsk, Ussuriysk.

What are the main features of the physical and geographical position of the Far East? What is the reason for the increased seismicity of this area?

The Far East is the country's largest economic region in terms of territory, the longest from north to south, covering all the latitudes encountered in Russia from almost 42 ° N. sh. in Primorsky Krai up to 74°N. sh. in northwestern Yakutia.

The main features of the physical and geographical position of the region:

Wide access to the seas of the Pacific and Arctic Oceans;

Wealth in natural resources.

The agro-climatic potential of the region is similar to the southern parts of the European part of the country. True, the wide spread of a sharply continental climate in the west of the region and a temperate monsoon climate in the east and permafrost sharply narrow the possibilities of agriculture. The most favorable conditions for crop production are in the south in the Amur and Khanka lowlands.

In terms of the diversity of minerals, the Far East region is one of the largest, and many deposits are poorly studied and require extensive geological work. There are ores of non-ferrous and ferrous metals (gold, tin, lead, zinc, tungsten, antimony, rare metals, iron, manganese), diamonds. Significant reserves of coal, oil, gas, mica-phlogopite, fluorspar.

The richest hydropower resources of the rivers are almost not used (there is no consumer).

The area is unique in diversity and reserves of biological resources. The most valuable plants (ginseng, magnolia vine, eleutherococcus) and animals (fur trade) are found in the forests.

The wealth of the ocean allows you to get here fish and shellfish, seaweed and crabs.

The development of certain types of raw materials and fuels in the Far East turns out to be unprofitable until foreign economic relations are established, since there are deposits of similar resources in Siberia, located closer to European consumers and often with better development conditions.

The increased seismicity of the region and volcanism, unique for Russia, are explained by the fact that the extreme eastern part of the Far East is located in the area of alpine folding, the so-called Pacific ring of fire. Tectonic movements continue in the area to this day.

In what peculiar natural features does the Far East differ from Siberia that you have already studied? Give an assessment of the natural features of individual territories of the Far East. Which of them most seriously affect people's lives? material from the site

The Far East is distinguished from Siberia by an extensive sea coast, monsoon and maritime types of climate, and volcanism. The features of the physical and geographical position were described above. All these natural features do not just affect people's lives, but form the way of life and the type of housekeeping. The monsoon climate with abundant summer rains, frequent river floods determines agricultural specialization, causing frequent crop losses due to flooding. The extensive sea coast determines the development of the fishing industry and the great importance of maritime transport. Frequently repeated earthquakes force the construction of earthquake-resistant buildings. Permafrost and the mountainous nature of the territory make it difficult to develop the vast expanses of the Far East. In the conditions of frozen soils, all communications in settlements have to be carried out on the surface, settlements here give the impression of cities and villages entangled in pipes. A sharply continental climate with severe winters makes high demands on heating and thermal insulation properties of buildings.

Compare regions in the north and south of the Far East. Show differences and similarities. Explain their reasons.

The most important difference is that it is cold in the north of the region, warmer in the south. The consequences of this are clearly visible on maps of population density and agricultural areas. The Far North is a sparsely populated area with reindeer pastures, the south of the region is not inferior to the European territory of Russia in terms of population density, it is distinguished by crop and livestock breeding. The main similarity is the coastal position of the extreme eastern parts, almost all settlements located on the coast are ports.

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On this page, material on the topics:

what are the conditions and resources in the Far East
compare the areas in the north and south of the far east. show the differences
assess natural conditions in the north and south of the Far East
the amount of evaporation in the far east
What are the main features of the physical and geographical position of the Far East? What is the reason for the increased seismicity of this area?

Economic assessment of natural conditions and resources. Natural conditions and resources of the Far East Table to assess the natural resources of the Far East

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